Organic vs. Conventional Farming: A Comparative Study of Sustainability and Environmental Impact

Abstract

The current review paper presents a comparative evaluation of organic and conventional farming practices, with a focus on their sustainability and environmental impact. With global agricultural practices facing increasing criticism owing to environmental degradation, climate change, and resource depletion, the need for more sustainable approaches to farming has become imperative. Organic agriculture, which considers biodiversity, soil health, and natural inputs first, is often seen as the environmentally friendly option compared to conventional agriculture based on synthetic chemicals and high-input methods. This paper considers the benefits and drawbacks of the two systems, with an eye to issues such as soil quality, water use efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity conservation. It also considers the economic practicability and societal implications of each system, especially focusing on long-term sustainability. The results indicate that, although organic farming generally yields environmental benefits, such as reduced chemical runoff and healthier soil, conventional farming can achieve greater yields per unit of land, which could aid in food security. Finally, this report promotes an integrated approach that combines the most effective practices of both farming systems to achieve a balance between productivity and environmental conservation.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788199956070.2026.67-73