Detection of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Sensors: A Review

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil poses significant risks to environmental health, agriculture, and human well-being. Traditional laboratory methods for detecting heavy metals are accurate but often time-consuming, expensive, and require specialized equipment. In recent years, sensor-based technologies have emerged as efficient alternatives for rapid, on-site detection and monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in soil. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of advancements in sensor technologies for detecting heavy metals in soil, focusing on their principles, performance, and practical applications. We examine various types of sensors, including electrochemical, optical, biosensors, and nanosensors, highlighting their sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect multiple heavy metals simultaneously. Challenges such as interference from complex soil matrices, calibration, and long-term stability are discussed, along with potential solutions. The paper also explores emerging trends, such as the integration of sensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning algorithms for real-time monitoring and data analysis. Case studies demonstrating the successful application of sensor technologies in detecting heavy metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) are presented. Finally, the review identifies research gaps and outlines future directions for the development of cost-effective, portable, and user-friendly sensors for soil health monitoring. Sensor-based detection systems represent a promising approach to addressing the global challenge of soil contamination and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788199956070.2026.31-40