Ocular surface disease: allergy, biomarkers, diabetes, keratoconus, obesity and nutrition

Abstract

Ocular surface disease (OSD) encompasses a range of disorders affecting the cornea, conjunctiva, and tear film. This complex condition is influenced by a multitude of factors, including allergy, biomarkers, diabetes, keratoconus, obesity, and nutrition. Recent studies have highlighted the significant impact of allergies on OSD, with allergic conjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis contributing to chronic ocular inflammation and tear film instability. Biomarkers, such as inflammatory cytokines and tear film proteins, have emerged as valuable diagnostic tools for OSD. Diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of OSD, with diabetic patients exhibiting altered tear film composition and reduced corneal sensitivity. Keratoconus, a progressive corneal disorder, has also been associated with OSD, with patients experiencing chronic eye irritation and vision disturbances. Obesity and nutrition have been identified as modifiable risk factors for OSD. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants may help mitigate OSD symptoms, while obesity has been linked to chronic inflammation and tear film instability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex interplay between OSD and various factors, including allergy, biomarkers, diabetes, keratoconus, obesity, and nutrition. By elucidating these relationships, clinicians can develop more effective treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes for this debilitating condition.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788199956049.2026.52-66