Published 2025-12-03
Keywords
- Gut,
- intoxicating substances,
- microflora,
- oral cavity
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2025 Swami Vivekananda University Press
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The Human body harbors trillions of microorganisms, known as natural microflora or commensal microbes. They present all over body, forming complex ecosystem. Dysbiosis condition among themselves create unhealthy condition as all of them have significant function to play. However, the consumption of intoxicating substances such as betel nut, gutka, cigarette, alcohol can disrupt their balance of the microbiome, creating favorable condition to grow the opportunistic microbes and pathogen and leading to various diseases. This review aims to summarize the effect on natural microflora of the most exposed part of the body to these intoxicants particularly oral cavity and gut, their mode of action of causing diseases and altering normal microflora. We highlighted the risk of diseases, those are directly linked by having these intoxicants such oral and gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other disorders. The relationship between intoxicating substances and the human microbiome provided valuable insights on prevention and treatment of related diseases.
DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788198800473.2025.319-332