Understanding the Role of Lipid Biomarkers in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Risk

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome influenced by various lipid biomarkers that contribute to disease progression, risk assessment, and prognosis. This review explores the role of lipid-derived biomarkers in heart failure and cardiovascular diseases, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], and other emerging markers. These biomarkers originate from lipid metabolism, inflammatory pathways, and endothelial dysfunction, influencing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Elevated LDL and small dense LDL particles significantly increase atherosclerotic risks, while impaired HDL function exacerbates inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, novel biomarkers such as circulating microRNAs, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, and endothelial dysfunction markers provide deeper insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Understanding the pathophysiological roles of lipid biomarkers in heart failure can enhance early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies, ultimately improving cardiovascular outcomes.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788198471956.2025.260-265