Unlocking the potential of tio2 nanoparticles as anti-cancerous agent

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have surfaced as a promising instrument in the realm of oncology, largely because of their distinct physicochemical attributes, biocompatibility and their capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under certain conditions. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have unveiled the potential of TiO2 nanoparticles as effective anti-cancer agents: they facilitate targeted delivery, controlled drug release and increased cytotoxicity directed at cancer cells, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This review delves into the mechanisms that underlie the anti-cancer effects of TiO2 nanoparticles, encompassing photocatalysis, the induction of oxidative stress and their role in synergizing with traditional therapies. The anti-cancer mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticles (which are composed of titanium dioxide) primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to ultraviolet or visible light. This process induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in cancer cells. However, TiO2 nanoparticles possess the potential to disrupt mitochondrial function and modulate signaling pathways that are crucial for cancer progression. Surface modifications and functionalization have, therefore, significantly enhanced their selectivity and efficacy; this allows for targeted delivery while minimizing off-target effects. Although TiO2 nanoparticles are acknowledged for their intrinsic anti-cancer properties, they offer significant potential across various applications (such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), drug delivery and bioimaging). When used in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents, they demonstrate a synergistic effect, enhancing drug efficacy while concurrently reducing the necessary dosages. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have also facilitated their use as diagnostic tools, offering high-resolution imaging capabilities for early tumor detection. This versatility positions TiO2 nanoparticles as a valuable asset in the ongoing fight against cancer; however, further research is essential to fully leverage their capabilities.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788198471956.2025.74-86